SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Codename" and "Codenames" redirect here. For the television series, see <a href="Codename_(TV_series)" title="Codename (TV series)">Codename (TV series)</a>. For the board game, see <a href="Codenames_(board_game)" title="Codenames (board game)">Codenames (board game)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="Intelligence_field" title="Intelligence field">Intelligence field</a><br> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="nobold">and</span> <a href="Intelligence_(information)" title="Intelligence (information)">Intelligence</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Phases of Intelligence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Intelligence_cycle" title="Intelligence cycle">Intelligence cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_cycle_management" title="Intelligence cycle management">Intelligence cycle management</a></li>

<li><a href="Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_assessment" title="Intelligence assessment">Intelligence assessment</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_analysis" title="Intelligence analysis">Intelligence analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_collection_plan" title="Intelligence collection plan">Intelligence collection plan</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Framework</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Agent_handling" title="Agent handling">Agent handling</a></li>

<li><a href="Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">Blowback (intelligence)</a></li>

<li><a href="Clandestine_HUMINT_operational_techniques" title="Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques">Clandestine HUMINT operational techniques</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_espionage" title="History of espionage">History of espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_failure" title="Intelligence failure">Intelligence failure</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_requirement" title="Intelligence requirement">Intelligence requirement</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_law" title="Intelligence law">Intelligence law</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_studies" title="Intelligence studies">Intelligence studies</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_sharing" title="Intelligence sharing">Intelligence sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Recruitment_of_spies" title="Recruitment of spies">Recruitment of spies</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_sector_governance_and_reform" title="Security sector governance and reform">Security sector governance and reform</a></li>

<li><a href="Total_Espionage_doctrine" title="Total Espionage doctrine">Total Espionage doctrine</a></li>

<li><a href="Treason" title="Treason">Treason</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Areas of Intelligence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Raw_intelligence" title="Raw intelligence">Raw intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="All-source_intelligence" title="All-source intelligence">All-source intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">Counterintelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Military intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Clandestine_human_intelligence" title="Clandestine human intelligence">Clandestine human intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_intelligence_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)">Human intelligence (intelligence gathering)</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_intelligence" title="Technical intelligence">Technical intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber_threat_intelligence" title="Cyber threat intelligence">Cyber threat intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Medical_intelligence" title="Medical intelligence">Medical intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">Signals intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_intelligence" title="Open-source intelligence">Open-source intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Imagery_intelligence" title="Imagery intelligence">Imagery intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Acoustical_intelligence" title="Acoustical intelligence">Acoustical intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">Geospatial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_outsourcing" title="Intelligence outsourcing">Intelligence outsourcing</a></li>

<li><a href="Basic_intelligence" title="Basic intelligence">Basic intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Strategic_intelligence" title="Strategic intelligence">Strategic intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_intelligence" title="Criminal intelligence">Criminal intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Measurement_and_signature_intelligence" title="Measurement and signature intelligence">Measurement and signature intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Communications_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications intelligence">Communications intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic intelligence">Electronic intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_instrumentation_signals_intelligence" title="Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence">Foreign instrumentation signals intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Telemetry_intelligence" title="Telemetry intelligence">Telemetry intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Air_Intelligence_Officer" title="Air Intelligence Officer">Air intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_intelligence" title="Military intelligence">Naval intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber_espionage" title="Cyber espionage">Cyber espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_espionage" title="Nuclear espionage">Nuclear espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexpionage" title="Sexpionage">Sexpionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Tradecraft" title="Tradecraft">Tradecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Corporate sector</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">Industrial espionage</a></li>

<li><a href="Marketing_intelligence" title="Marketing intelligence">Marketing intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_intelligence" title="Market intelligence">Market intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_intelligence" title="Business intelligence">Business intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Commercial_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial intelligence">Commercial intelligence</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">Intelligence officer</a></li>

<li><a href="Asset_(intelligence)" title="Asset (intelligence)">Asset (intelligence)</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_community_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Intelligence community (disambiguation)">Intelligence community</a></li>

<li><a href="Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">Intelligence agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Private_intelligence_agency" title="Private intelligence agency">Private intelligence agency</a></li>

<li><a href="Cover_(intelligence_gathering)" title="Cover (intelligence gathering)">Cover (intelligence gathering)</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_Intelligence_Service_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Foreign Intelligence Service (disambiguation)">Foreign Intelligence Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_attach%C3%A9" title="Military attaché">Military attaché</a></li>

<li><a href="Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">Mole (espionage)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cutout_(espionage)" title="Cutout (espionage)">Cutout (espionage)</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeper_agent" title="Sleeper agent">Sleeper agent</a></li>

<li><a href="Atomic_spies" title="Atomic spies">Atomic spies</a></li>

<li><a href="Resident_spy" title="Resident spy">Resident spy</a></li>

<li><a href="Espionage_organizations" title="Espionage organizations">Espionage organizations</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Intelligence_literature" title="Intelligence literature">Intelligence literature</a></li>

<li><a href="Spy_fiction" title="Spy fiction">Spy fiction</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Spy_Museum" title="International Spy Museum">International Spy Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="CIA_library" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA library">CIA library</a></li>

<li><a href="Kryptos" title="Kryptos">Kryptos</a></li>

<li><a href="OSS_Society" title="OSS Society">OSS Society</a></li>

<li><a href="CIA_Museum" title="CIA Museum">CIA Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Stasimuseum" title="Stasimuseum">Stasimuseum</a></li>

<li><a href="Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Cold_War_Museum" title="The Cold War Museum">The Cold War Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Intelligence_Summit" title="The Intelligence Summit">The Intelligence Summit</a></li>

<li><a href="Spyscape" title="Spyscape">Spyscape</a></li>

<li><a href="Spy_Museum_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy Museum Berlin">Spy Museum Berlin</a></li>

<li><a href="Spy_Museum_(Tampere)" title="Spy Museum (Tampere)">Spy Museum (Tampere)</a></li>

<li><a href="KGB_Espionage_Museum" title="KGB Espionage Museum">KGB Espionage Museum</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Tools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Sentient_(intelligence_analysis_system)" title="Sentient (intelligence analysis system)">Sentient (intelligence analysis system)</a></li>

<li><a href="Concealment_device" title="Concealment device">Concealment device</a></li>

<li><a href="Stone_Ghost" title="Stone Ghost">Stone Ghost</a></li>

<li><a href="Pinwale" title="Pinwale">Pinwale</a></li>

<li><a href="Microdot" title="Microdot">Microdot</a></li>

<li><a href="Threat_Intelligence_Platform" title="Threat Intelligence Platform">Threat Intelligence Platform</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Thing_(listening_device)" title="The Thing (listening device)">The Thing</a></li>

<li><a href="Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Synthetic_Environment_for_Analysis_and_Simulations" title="Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations">Synthetic Environment for Analysis and Simulations</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_intelligence_agencies" title="List of intelligence agencies">List of intelligence agencies</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_intelligence_gathering_disciplines" title="List of intelligence gathering disciplines">List of intelligence gathering disciplines</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_intelligence_and_espionage%E2%80%93related_awards_and_decorations" title="List of intelligence and espionage–related awards and decorations">List of awards</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_defunct_intelligence_agencies" title="List of defunct intelligence agencies">List of defunct intelligence agencies</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Counterintelligence_state" title="Counterintelligence state">Counterintelligence state</a></li>

<li><a href="National_security" title="National security">National security</a></li>

<li><a href="Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Global_surveillance" title="Global surveillance">Global surveillance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Disguise" title="Disguise">Disguise</a></li>

<li><a href="Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">Reconnaissance</a></li>

<li><a href="Target_acquisition" title="Target acquisition">Target acquisition</a></li>

<li><a href="Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a></li>

<li><a href="Criminal_investigation" title="Criminal investigation">Criminal investigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Codebreaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Codebreaking">Codebreaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">Paramilitary</a></li>

<li><a href="Cybersecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybersecurity">Cybersecurity</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

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</style></td></tr></tbody></table><p>A <b>code name</b>, <b>codename</b>, <b>call sign</b>, or <b>cryptonym</b> is a <a href="Code_word_(figure_of_speech)" title="Code word (figure of speech)">code word</a> or name used, sometimes clandestinely, to refer to another name, word, project, or person. Code names are often used for military purposes, or in espionage. They may also be used in <a href="Industrial_espionage" title="Industrial espionage">industrial counter-espionage</a> to protect secret projects and the like from business rivals, or to give names to projects whose marketing name has not yet been determined. Another reason for the use of names and phrases in the military is that they transmit with a lower level of cumulative errors over a <a href="Walkie-talkie" title="Walkie-talkie">walkie-talkie</a> or radio link than actual names.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achaemenid_Empire">Achaemenid Empire</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> under <a href="Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> employed a network of spies called the King’s Eye or the King’s Ear.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These agents operated under anonymity, and “King’s Eye” was not a specific person but rather a code name for the intelligence network that reported directly to the king.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punic_Wars">Punic Wars</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a> general <a href="Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal Barca</a> reportedly used coded references for his agents and informants in Rome and among allied territories.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources suggest that key figures in his intelligence operations were identified using nicknames instead of real names to avoid detection by Roman counterintelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p><a href="Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> used <a href="Cipher" title="Cipher">ciphers</a> to encode messages and likely employed code names for key operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His famous <a href="Caesar_cipher" title="Caesar cipher">Caesar cipher</a> (simple letter-shifting <a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>) was used to disguise military commands.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also referred to <a href="Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Marc Antony</a> and other generals with shortened or altered names in correspondence to prevent interception from revealing strategic plans.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_code_names_in_the_Bible">Jewish code names in the Bible</h3></div>

<p>During the Jewish revolts against Rome, leaders and messengers used symbolic or misleading names in communications.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dead Sea Scrolls reference figures such as the “<a href="Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a>” and the “<a href="Wicked_Priest" title="Wicked Priest">Wicked Priest</a>,” which may have functioned as code names to obscure real identities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Empire">Byzantine Empire</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire’s</a> intelligence agents, particularly under <a href="Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Emperor Justinian I</a>, operated under codenames or titles rather than real identities.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a> suggests that spies within the Persian and Gothic courts were assigned allegorical names to protect them from discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_origins">Military origins</h2></div>

<p>During <a href="First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">World War I</a>, names common to the <a href="Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> referring to nations, cities, geographical features, military units, military operations, diplomatic meetings, places, and individual persons were agreed upon, adapting pre-war naming procedures in use by the governments concerned. In the British case names were administered and controlled by the Inter Services Security Board (ISSB) staffed by the <a href="War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This procedure was coordinated with the United States when it <a href="American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">entered the war</a>. Random lists of names were issued to users in alphabetical blocks of ten words and were selected as required. Words became available for re-use after six months and unused allocations could be reassigned at discretion and according to need. Judicious selection from the available allocation could result in clever meanings and result in an <a href="Aptronym" title="Aptronym">aptronym</a> or <a href="Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a>, although policy was to select words that had no obviously deducible connection with what they were supposed to be concealing. Those for the major <a href="List_of_World_War_II_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World War II conferences">conference meetings</a> had a partial naming sequence referring to devices or instruments which had a number as part of their meaning, e.g., the third meeting was "TRIDENT". <a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, whose last name means "man of steel", was given the name "GLYPTIC", meaning "an image carved out of stone".

</p>

<ul><li>Reference: Glossary of Names<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> in <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> – Washington Command Post: The Operations Division

<ul><li>World War II Allied Operations<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Abbreviations, Acronyms, Codewords, Terms Appearing in WW II Histories and Documents<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Information from original files held at <a href="National_Archives_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Archives (UK)">The National Archives</a> (formerly <a href="Public_Record_Office" title="Public Record Office">The Public Record Office</a>) which hold the publicly available records of central government for the UK</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_code_names">German code names</h3></div>

<p><a href="Ewen_Montagu" title="Ewen Montagu">Ewen Montagu</a>, a British Naval intelligence officer, discloses in <i>Beyond Top Secret Ultra</i> that during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> habitually used <i>ad hoc</i> code names as nicknames which often openly revealed or strongly hinted at their content or function.

</p><p>Some German code names:

</p>

<ul><li>Golfplatz (German for "golf course") – Britain, employed by the <a href="Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></li>

<li>Samland – The United States (from <a href="Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a>), employed by the <a href="Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a></li>

<li><a href="Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a> (a god whose power was "to see for a hundred miles") – long-range radar</li>

<li><a href="Wotan_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wotan (deity)">Wotan</a> – an <a href="Y-Ger%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-Gerät">aerial bombing navigation system</a>. Knowing that the god Wotan had only one eye, <a href="R._V._Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="R. V. Jones">R. V. Jones</a>, a British scientist working for <a href="RAF_Intelligence" title="RAF Intelligence">Air Intelligence</a> of the British <a href="Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> and <a href="Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">SIS</a> inferred that the device used a single beam and from that determined, correctly, how it must work. A counter-system was quickly created which made Wotan useless.</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Seel%C3%B6we" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Seelöwe">Operation Seelöwe</a> (<a href="Sea-lion" title="Sea-lion">Sea-lion</a>) – plans to invade Britain (lions being prominent in the <a href="Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> (<a href="Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a>) – plans to go east and invade the Soviet Union</li></ul>

<p>Conversely, <a href="Operation_Wacht_am_Rhein" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Wacht am Rhein">Operation Wacht am Rhein</a> (Watch on the <a href="Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>) was deliberately named to suggest the opposite of its purpose – a defensive "watch" as opposed to a massive <a href="Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">blitzkrieg</a> operation, just as was <a href="Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung" title="Operation Weserübung">Operation Weserübung</a> (<a href="Weser" title="Weser">Weser</a>-exercise), which signified the plans to invade <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in April 1940.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_names_of_other_powers">Code names of other powers</h3></div>

<p>Britain and the United States developed the security policy of assigning code names intended to give no such clues to the uninitiated. For example, the British counter measures against the <a href="V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2</a> was called <i><a href="Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Operation Crossbow</a></i>. The <a href="Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">atomic bomb</a> project centered in <a href="New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> was called the <a href="Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, derived from the <a href="Manhattan_Engineer_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Engineer District">Manhattan Engineer District</a> which managed the program. The code name for the American <a href="Lockheed_A-12" title="Lockheed A-12">A-12</a> / <a href="Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">SR-71</a> spy plane project, producing the fastest, highest-flying aircraft in the world, was <i>Oxcart</i>. The American group that planned that country's first <a href="Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">ICBM</a> was called the <a href="Teapot_Committee" title="Teapot Committee">Teapot Committee</a>.

</p><p>Although the word could stand for a menace to shipping (in this case, that of Japan), the American code name for the attack on the subtropical island of <a href="Okinawa_Island" title="Okinawa Island">Okinawa</a> in World War II was <i><a href="Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Operation Iceberg</a></i>. The Soviet Union's project to base missiles in Cuba was named <i><a href="Operation_Anadyr" title="Operation Anadyr">Operation Anadyr</a></i> after their closest bomber base to the US (just across the Bering Strait from Nome, Alaska). The names of colors are generally avoided in American practice to avoid confusion with meteorological reporting practices. Britain, in contrast, made deliberately non-meaningful use of them, through the system of <a href="Rainbow_codes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbow codes">rainbow codes</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft_recognition_reporting_names">Aircraft recognition reporting names</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="World_War_II_Allied_names_for_Japanese_aircraft" title="World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft">World War II Allied names for Japanese aircraft</a></div>

<p>Although German and Italian aircraft were not given code names by their Allied opponents, in 1942, Captain Frank T. McCoy, an intelligence officer of the <a href="USAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="USAAF">USAAF</a>, invented a system for the identification of Japanese military aircraft. Initially using short, "<a href="Hillbilly" title="Hillbilly">hillbilly</a>" boys' names such as "<a href="Mitsubishi_F1M" title="Mitsubishi F1M">Pete</a>", "<a href="Aichi_E13A" title="Aichi E13A">Jake</a>", and "<a href="Nakajima_A6M2-N" title="Nakajima A6M2-N">Rufe</a>", the system was later extended to include girls' names and names of trees and birds, and became widely used by the Allies throughout the <a href="Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">Pacific theater</a> of war. This type of naming scheme differs from the other use of code names in that it does not have to be kept secret, but is a means of identification where the official nomenclature is unknown or uncertain.

</p><p>The policy of recognition reporting names was continued into the <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> for Soviet, other <a href="Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, and Communist Chinese aircraft. Although this was started by the Air Standards Co-ordinating Committee (ASCC) formed by the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, it was extended throughout <a href="NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> as the <a href="NATO_reporting_name" title="NATO reporting name">NATO reporting name</a> for aircraft, rockets and missiles. These names were considered by the Soviets as being like a nickname given to one's unit by the opponents in a battle. The Soviets did not like the <a href="Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Sukhoi Su-25</a> getting the code name "<a href="Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Frogfoot</a>". However, some names were appropriate, such as "Condor" for the <a href="Antonov_An-124" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonov An-124">Antonov An-124</a>, or, most famously, "Fulcrum" for the <a href="Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">Mikoyan MiG-29</a>, which had a "pivotal" role in Soviet air-strategy.

</p><p>Code names were adopted by the following process. Aerial or space reconnaissance would note a new aircraft at a <a href="Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> airbase. The intelligence units would then assign it a code name consisting of the official abbreviation of the base, then a letter, for example, "Ram-A", signifying an aircraft sighted at <a href="Ramenskoye_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramenskoye Airport">Ramenskoye Airport</a>. Missiles were given designations like "TT-5", for the fifth rocket seen at <a href="Baikonur" title="Baikonur">Tyura-Tam</a>. When more information resulted in knowing a bit about what a missile was used for, it would be given a designation like "SS-6", for the sixth surface-to-surface missile design reported. Finally, when either an aircraft or a missile was able to be photographed with a hand-held camera, instead of a reconnaissance aircraft, it was given a name like "<a href="Sukhoi_Su-27" title="Sukhoi Su-27">Flanker</a>" or "<a href="Scud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scud">Scud</a>" – always an English word, as international pilots worldwide are required to learn English. The Soviet manufacturer or designation – which may be mistakenly inferred by NATO – has nothing to do with it.

</p><p>Jet-powered aircraft received two-syllable names like <a href="Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-25" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25">Foxbat</a>, while propeller aircraft were designated with short names like <a href="Tupolev_Tu-4" title="Tupolev Tu-4">Bull</a>. Fighter names began with an "F", bombers with a "B", cargo aircraft with a "C". Training aircraft and reconnaissance aircraft were grouped under the word "miscellaneous", and received "M". The same convention applies to missiles, with air-launched ground attack missiles beginning with the letter "K" and surface-to-surface missiles (ranging from <a href="ICBM" class="mw-redirect" title="ICBM">intercontinental ballistic missiles</a> to <a href="Antitank" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitank">antitank</a> rockets) with the letter "S", air-to-air missiles "A", and surface-to-air missiles "G".

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_operations_since_Churchill">Military operations since Churchill</h3></div>

<p>Throughout the Second World War, the British allocation practice favored one-word code names (<a href="Operation_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Jubilee">Jubilee</a>, <a href="Operation_Frankton" title="Operation Frankton">Frankton</a>). That of the Americans favored longer compound words, although the name <a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a> was personally chosen by <a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> himself. Many examples of both types can be cited, as can exceptions.

</p><p>Winston Churchill was particular about the quality of code names. He insisted that code words, especially for dangerous operations, would be not overly grand nor petty nor common. One emotional goal he mentions is to never have to report to anyone that their son "was killed in an operation called 'Bunnyhug' or 'Ballyhoo'."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Presently, British forces tend to use one-word names, presumably in keeping with their post-World War II policy of reserving single words for operations and two-word names for exercises. British operation code names are usually randomly generated by a computer and rarely reveal its components or any political implications unlike the American names (e.g., the <a href="2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> was called "Operation Telic" compared to Americans' "Operation Iraqi Freedom", obviously chosen for propaganda rather than secrecy). Americans prefer two-word names, whereas the Canadians and Australians use either. The French military currently prefer names drawn from nature (such as colors or the names of animals), for instance <i><a href="Op%C3%A9ration_Daguet" title="Opération Daguet">Opération Daguet</a></i> ("brocket deer") or <i><a href="Op%C3%A9ration_Baliste" title="Opération Baliste">Opération Baliste</a></i> ("Triggerfish"). The CIA uses alphabetical prefixes to designate the part of the agency supporting an operation.

</p><p>In many cases with the United States, the first word of the name has to do with the intent of the program. Programs with "have" as the first word, such as <a href="Lockheed_Have_Blue" title="Lockheed Have Blue">Have Blue</a> for the stealth fighter development, are developmental programs, not meant to produce a production aircraft. Programs that start with Senior, such as Senior Trend for the F-117, are for aircraft in testing meant to enter production.

</p><p>In the United States code names are commonly set entirely in upper case.<sup id="cite_ref-maryferrell/cryptdb_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maryferrell/cryptdb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not done in other countries, though for the UK in British documents the code name is in upper case while operation is shortened to OP e.g., "Op. TELIC".

</p><p>This presents an opportunity for a bit of public-relations (<a href="Operation_Just_Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Just Cause">Operation Just Cause</a>), or for controversy over the naming choice (Operation Infinite Justice, renamed <a href="Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Operation Enduring Freedom">Operation Enduring Freedom</a>). Computers are now used to aid in the selection. And further, there is a distinction between the <i>secret</i> names during former wars and the <i>published</i> names of recent ones.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Project_code_name">Project code name</h2></div>

<p>A <b>project code name</b> is a code name (usually a single word, short phrase or acronym) which is given to a <a href="Project" title="Project">project</a> being developed by <a href="Private_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Private industry">industry</a>, <a href="Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a>, government, and other concerns.

</p><p>Project code names are typically used for several reasons:

</p>

<ul><li>To uniquely identify the project within the organization. Code names are frequently chosen to be outside the normal business/domain jargon that the organization uses, in order to not conflict with established terminology.</li>

<li>To assist with maintaining <a href="Secrecy" title="Secrecy">secrecy</a> of the project against rival concerns. Some corporations routinely change project names in order to further confuse competitors.</li>

<li>When the goal of the project is to develop one or more commercial <i>products</i>, use of a code name allows the eventual choice of product nomenclature (the name the product(s) are marketed and sold under) to be decoupled from the development effort. This is especially important when one project generates multiple products, or multiple projects are needed to produce a single product. This allows for <i>subprojects</i> to be given a separate identity from the main project.</li>

<li>To decouple an early phase of a development effort (which may have failed) from a subsequent phase (which may be given a "fresh start") as a political tool.</li>

<li>To prevent casual observers from concluding that a pre-release version is a new release of the product, thus helping reduce confusion.</li></ul>

<p>Different organizations have different policies regarding the use and publication of project code names. Some companies take great pains to <i>never</i> discuss or disclose project code names outside of the company (other than with outside entities who have a need to know, and typically are bound with a <a href="Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreement</a>). Other companies never use them in official or formal communications, but widely disseminate project code names through informal channels (often in an attempt to create a <a href="Marketing_buzz" title="Marketing buzz">marketing buzz</a> for the project). Still others (such as <a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>) discuss code names publicly, and routinely use project code names on beta releases and such, but remove them from final product(s). In the case of Windows 95, the code name "CHICAGO" was left embedded in the <a href="INF_file#Structure" title="INF file">INF File structure</a> and remained required through Windows Me. At the other end of the spectrum, <a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> includes the project code names for <a href="Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> as part of the official name of the final product, a practice that was started in 2002 with <a href="Mac_OS_X_v10.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.2">Mac OS X v10.2</a> "Jaguar". Google and the <a href="Android_Open_Source_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Source Project">AOSP</a> also used this for their <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> operating system until 2013, where the code name was different from the release name.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_code_names">Notable code names</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="Operation_Anthropoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Anthropoid">Operation Anthropoid</a> – assassination of top Nazi <a href="Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> in Prague</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Arc_Light" title="Operation Arc Light">Operation Arc Light</a> – <a href="United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <a href="B-52" class="mw-redirect" title="B-52">B-52</a> bombing campaign during the <a href="Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> – German invasion of the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li>

<li>Operation <a href="Black_Tornado" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Tornado">Black Tornado</a> – began on 26 November 2008 and lasted until 29 November when India's <a href="National_Security_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="National Security Guards">National Security Guards</a> (NSG) conducted Operation Black Tornado to flush out the attackers from the <a href="Taj_Mahal_Palace_%26_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Taj Mahal Palace & Tower">Hotel Taj Mahal</a>, Mumbai</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Operation Blue Star</a> – was an <a href="Indian_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian military">Indian military</a> operation which took place 3–8 June 1984, in order to remove <a href="Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a> and his armed followers from the <a href="Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a> in <a href="Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, <a href="Punjab%2C_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab, India</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> – failed invasion of Germany (1944)</li>

<li><a href="South_African_military_assistance_to_the_Central_African_Republic" title="South African military assistance to the Central African Republic">Operation Morero</a> – <a href="South_African_Special_Forces" title="South African Special Forces">South African Special Forces</a> sent to the <a href="Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a> to protect president <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Boziz%C3%A9" title="François Bozizé">François Bozizé</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Neptune_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Neptune Spear">Operation Neptune Spear</a> – The operation, was carried out in a Central Intelligence Agency-led operation in which <a href="Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>, the founder and head of the Islamist militant group <a href="Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011, by Navy SEALs of the <a href="U.S._Naval_Special_Warfare_Development_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group">U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group</a>.

<ul><li>"Geronimo", the code name for Osama bin Laden during <a href="Operation_Neptune's_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Neptune's Spear">Operation Neptune's Spear</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Desert_Storm" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Storm">Operation Desert Storm</a> – The US code name of the airland conflict from 17 January 1991, through 11 April 1991 in <a href="Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> during the <a href="Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">First Gulf War</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> – <a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> invasion of <a href="Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Rolling_Thunder" title="Operation Rolling Thunder">Operation Rolling Thunder</a> – the sustained bombing campaign conducted against <a href="North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> by the United States and <a href="South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li>

<li><a href="Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion">Operation Sea Lion</a> – the planned invasion of Britain by <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> which was never carried out</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Shakti" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Shakti">Operation Shakti</a> – (<a href="Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a>) refers to the series of five nuclear bomb test explosions conducted by <a href="India" title="India">India</a> at the <a href="Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a>'s <a href="Pokhran" title="Pokhran">Pokhran</a> Test Range in May 1998. It was initiated with the detonation of one fusion and three fission bombs.</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> – British-American invasion of North Africa in 1942</li>

<li><a href="Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> (with <a href="Trinity_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity site">Trinity</a>, <a href="Little_Boy" title="Little Boy">Little Boy</a>, and <a href="Fat_Man" title="Fat Man">Fat Man</a>) – U.S. <a href="Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> program during <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="MKULTRA" class="mw-redirect" title="MKULTRA">MKULTRA</a> – CIA project (an attempt at mind control technology & technique)</li>

<li><a href="Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a> – (<a href="Pokhran-I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokhran-I">Pokhran-I</a>), was an assigned code name of India's first nuclear weapon explosion, which took place on 18 May 1974. The device was detonated by the Indian Army in the long-constructed army base, <a href="Pokhran" title="Pokhran">Pokhran</a> Test Range. It was also the first confirmed nuclear test by a nation outside the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.</li>

<li><a href="Project-706" title="Project-706">Project-706</a> (with <a href="Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">Chagai-I</a> and <a href="Chagai-II" title="Chagai-II">Chagai-II</a>) – an early Pakistani secret code name for its nuclear weapons programme during the Cold War</li>

<li><a href="Tank" title="Tank">Tank</a> – originally a code name adopted in 1915 by the British government for the first tracked armoured vehicles, which were then under development</li>

<li><a href="Tube_Alloys" title="Tube Alloys">Tube Alloys</a> – British nuclear program</li>

<li><a href="Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a> - Winston Churchill's plan to invade the Soviet Union <a href="USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Special_military_operation" title="Special military operation">SVO</a>, euphemism for 2022 <a href="Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="List_of_computer_technology_code_names" title="List of computer technology code names">List of computer technology code names</a> and <a href="Working_title" title="Working title">Working title</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a> have also been naming their CPUs since <a href="90_nm" class="mw-redirect" title="90 nm">90 nm</a> generations under the <a href="AMD_K8" title="AMD K8">K8</a> micro-architecture after the name of cities around the world. For the CPUs under the <a href="AMD_Phenom" title="AMD Phenom">Phenom</a> brand, the names of stars were used as code names. For <a href="Opteron" title="Opteron">Opteron</a> server CPUs and platforms, cities related to the <a href="Scuderia_Ferrari" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Ferrari Formula One team</a> were used. Mobile platforms are named after birds (except for Puma). For example:

<ul><li>Single-core <a href="Athlon_64" title="Athlon 64">Athlon 64</a> and <a href="Athlon_64_FX" class="mw-redirect" title="Athlon 64 FX">Athlon 64 FX</a> : Newcastle, Venice, San Diego and Lima</li>

<li>Dual-core <a href="Athlon_64_X2" title="Athlon 64 X2">Athlon 64 X2</a> and <a href="Athlon_64_FX" class="mw-redirect" title="Athlon 64 FX">Athlon 64 FX</a>: Manchester, Toledo, Windsor and Brisbane</li>

<li>Phenom CPUs: Agena (<a href="Beta_Centauri" title="Beta Centauri">Beta Centauri</a>), Toliman (<a href="Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a>), Kuma (<a href="Nu_Draconis" title="Nu Draconis">Nu Draconis</a>), <a href="Deneb" title="Deneb">Deneb</a> (Alpha Cygni), Propus (<a href="Eta_Geminorum" title="Eta Geminorum">Eta Geminorum</a>), Heka (<a href="Lambda_Orionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda Orionis">Lambda Orionis</a>), Rana (<a href="Delta_Eridani" title="Delta Eridani">Delta Eridani</a>), Regor (<a href="Gamma_Velorum" title="Gamma Velorum">Gamma Velorum</a>)</li>

<li>Opteron CPUs: Barcelona, Shanghai, São Paulo, Istanbul</li>

<li>Server platforms: Catalunya, Fiorano, Maranello</li>

<li>Mobile CPUs: Griffin, Lion, Swift</li>

<li>Mobile platforms: Kite, Puma, Shrike, Eagle</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> currently names the major releases of <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> (previously known as Mac OS X) after major California landmarks, such as Mavericks (<a href="OS_X_10.9" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X 10.9">10.9</a>), Yosemite (<a href="OS_X_10.10" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X 10.10">10.10</a>), El Capitan (<a href="OS_X_10.11" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X 10.11">10.11</a>), Sierra (<a href="MacOS_10.12" class="mw-redirect" title="MacOS 10.12">10.12</a> ), High Sierra (<a href="MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13</a>) Mojave (<a href="MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14</a>), Catalina (<a href="MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15</a>), Big Sur (<a href="MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11.0</a>), Monterey (<a href="MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12.0</a>), Ventura (<a href="MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13.0</a>), and Sonoma (<a href="MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14.0</a>). Previous releases were named after <a href="Big_cats" class="mw-redirect" title="Big cats">big cats</a>: Cheetah (<a href="Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0</a>), Puma (<a href="Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1</a>), Jaguar (<a href="Mac_OS_X_10.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.2">10.2</a>), Panther (<a href="Mac_OS_X_10.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.3">10.3</a>), Tiger (<a href="Mac_OS_X_10.4" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.4">10.4</a>), Leopard (<a href="Mac_OS_X_10.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.5">10.5</a>), Snow Leopard (<a href="Mac_OS_X_10.6" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.6">10.6</a>), Lion (<a href="Mac_OS_X_10.7" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.7">10.7</a>), and Mountain Lion (<a href="OS_X_10.8" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X 10.8">10.8</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other former code names include:

<ul><li>Composers, such as <a href="Copland_(operating_system)" title="Copland (operating system)">Copland</a>, after composer <a href="Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>; and <a href="Gershwin_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershwin operating system">Gershwin</a>, after <a href="George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a>.</li>

<li>Women's names, e.g. <a href="Jennifer_(given_name)" title="Jennifer (given name)">Jennifer</a> (rumored for the <a href="Macintosh_IIx" title="Macintosh IIx">Macintosh IIx</a>), and <a href="Lisa_(given_name)" title="Lisa (given name)">Lisa</a>.</li>

<li>Varieties of apples, including <a href="Cortland_(apple)" title="Cortland (apple)">Cortland</a> for the <a href="Apple_IIGS" title="Apple IIGS">Apple IIGS</a>, and <a href="Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> (from <a href="McIntosh_(apple)" title="McIntosh (apple)">McIntosh</a>).</li>

<li>Carl Sagan, which was used for the <a href="Power_Macintosh_7100" title="Power Macintosh 7100">Power Macintosh 7100</a> while it was under development. In 1994 astronomer <a href="Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> filed <a href="Notable_litigation_of_Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Notable litigation of Apple Computer">two lawsuits against Apple</a> related to that usage, and lost both, reaching an out-of-court settlement with the company.</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> often names CPU projects after rivers in the American West, particularly in the state of <a href="Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> (where most of Intel's CPU projects are designed). Examples include Willamette, Deschutes, Yamhill, Tualatin, and Clackamas. See <a href="List_of_Intel_codenames" title="List of Intel codenames">List of Intel codenames</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> often names projects (in particular, versions of the <a href="Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> operating systems) after place names. Examples include Chicago (<a href="Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>), Daytona (<a href="Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">Windows NT 3.5</a>), Memphis (<a href="Windows_98" title="Windows 98">Windows 98</a>), Whistler (<a href="Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>) and Longhorn (<a href="Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>).</li>

<li>For a period of time, <a href="Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a> used code names which are mostly named after <a href="National_park" title="National park">national parks</a> to reference different versions of the <a href="Mozilla_Firefox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozilla Firefox">Mozilla Firefox</a> browser:

<ul><li>Firefox 2.0: <a href="Bon_Echo_Provincial_Park" title="Bon Echo Provincial Park">Bon Echo</a></li>

<li>Firefox 3.0: <a href="Gran_Paradiso" title="Gran Paradiso">Gran Paradiso</a></li>

<li>Firefox 3.5: <a href="Shiretoko_National_Park" title="Shiretoko National Park">Shiretoko</a></li>

<li>Firefox 3.6: <a href="Tsingy_de_Namoroka_Strict_Nature_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsingy de Namoroka Strict Nature Reserve">Namoroka</a></li>

<li>Firefox 4.0: <a href="Tumucumaque_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumucumaque National Park">Tumucumaque</a></li>

<li>Firefox pre-beta: Aurora</li>

<li>Firefox trunk builds: Nightly</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> often uses code names for new consoles. The best-known is that of <a href="Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>, which was code-named Revolution for over a year. Others include the <a href="GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>'s code name of Dolphin, the <a href="Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a>'s code name of <a href="Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a>, the <a href="Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a> as Project Reality, the <a href="Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">DS</a> code name Project Nitro, the <a href="Game_Boy_Micro" title="Game Boy Micro">Game Boy Micro</a> code name Oxygen, the <a href="Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a> code name Project Cafe, the <a href="Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Switch</a> code name NX, and the <a href="Nintendo_Switch_2" title="Nintendo Switch 2">Switch 2</a> code name Ounce.</li>

<li><i><a href="Return_of_the_Jedi" title="Return of the Jedi">Return of the Jedi</a></i> was code-named "Blue Harvest" while in production and principal photography. This was reportedly to prevent disruption by fans and the media as well as to avoid <a href="Price_gouging" title="Price gouging">price gouging</a> by local merchants and vendors.</li>

<li><i><a href="Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)">The Chamber of Secrets</a></i> sequel of the <a href="Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)"><i>Harry Potter</i> film series</a> was code-named "Incident of 57th Street" to disguise the production from its increasingly rabid fanbase, who would seek out filming locations and disrupt production.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_computer_technology_code_names" title="List of computer technology code names">List of computer technology code names</a></li>

<li><a href="CIA_cryptonym" title="CIA cryptonym">CIA cryptonyms</a></li>

<li><a href="Code_word_(figure_of_speech)" title="Code word (figure of speech)">Code word (figure of speech)</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_U.S._Department_of_Defense_and_partner_code_names" title="List of U.S. Department of Defense and partner code names">List of U.S. Department of Defense and partner code names</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Microsoft_codenames" title="List of Microsoft codenames">List of Microsoft codenames</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_military_operations" title="List of military operations">Military Operations listed by code name</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Rainbow_Codes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rainbow Codes">Rainbow Codes</a></li>

<li><a href="NATO_reporting_name" title="NATO reporting name">NATO reporting name</a></li>

<li><a href="Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonym</a>, the term for a code name when applied to a single person</li>

<li><a href="Secret_Service_codename" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Service codename">Secret Service codename</a></li>

<li><a href="Sensitive_Compartmented_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensitive Compartmented Information">Sensitive Compartmented Information</a></li>

<li><a href="Working_title" title="Working title">Working title</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://garycorby.com/blog//2010/01/eyes-and-ears-of-king.html">"The Eyes and Ears of the King"</a>. <i>A dead man fell from the sky..</i>. 2010-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius2018" class="citation book cs1">Suetonius (2018-04-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MeVVDwAAQBAJ&q=Suetonius,+The+Twelve+Caesars+(Life+of+Julius+Caesar)"><i>The Twelve Caesars</i></a>. Courier Dover Publications. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-486-83023-0</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/wicked-priest">"Wicked Priest | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFProcopius2023" class="citation book cs1">Procopius (2023-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w8oX0AEACAAJ"><i>Anecdota Or Secret History</i></a>. LEGARE STREET Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-01-943447-5</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2013" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, Graham (2013). "History of the British Inter-Services Security Board and the Allocation of Code-Names in the Second World War". <i>Intelligence and National Security</i>. <b>29</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>31. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02684527.2013.846731">10.1080/02684527.2013.846731</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153643351">153643351</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016131213/http://www.army.mil/cmh/books/wwii/WCP/glosscn.htm">"Glossary of Code Names"</a>. <i>www.army.mil</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.mil/CMH/books/wwii/WCP/glosscn.htm">the original</a> on 16 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091003/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/frank.kilburn/">"WORLD WAR II ALLIED CODE NAMES"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/frank.kilburn/">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-05-02</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Glossary/index.html">"HyperWar: Glossary of Abbreviations, Acronyms, Codewords, Terms of WWII"</a>. <i>www.ibiblio.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180501125816/http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/Glossary/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJablonsky2013" class="citation book cs1">Jablonsky, David (2013-09-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ApvcAAAAQBAJ"><i>Churchill, the Great Game and Total War</i></a>. Routledge. p. 95. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781135199296</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-maryferrell/cryptdb-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maryferrell/cryptdb_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maryferrell.org/php/cryptdb.php">"CIA Cryptonyms"</a>. <i><a href="Mary_Ferrell_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Ferrell Foundation">Mary Ferrell Foundation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230207020033/https://www.maryferrell.org/php/cryptdb.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-07</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/macosx/">"OS X Mountain Lion – Move your Mac even further ahead"</a>. Apple. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020829042532/https://www.apple.com/macosx/">Archived</a> from the original on 2002-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-11-10</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFArkin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="William_Arkin" title="William Arkin">Arkin, William M.</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/codenamesdeciphe00arki"><i>Code Names: Deciphering US Military Plans, Programs, and Operations in the 9/11 World</i></a></span>. <a href="South_Royalton%2C_Vermont" title="South Royalton, Vermont">South Royalton, Vermont</a>: Steerforth Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-58642-083-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGehrs-PahlParsch2006" class="citation web cs1">Gehrs-Pahl, Andreas; Parsch, Andreas (4 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designation-systems.net/usmilav/codenames.html">"Code Names for U.S. Military Projects and Operations"</a>. <i>www.designation-systems.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050203084650/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F01%2F27%2F1359252">Code Names: A Look Behind Secret U.S. Military Plans in the Middle East, Africa and at Home</a> – Broadcast on <i><a href="Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i> January 27, 2005.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSieminski1995" class="citation journal cs1">Sieminski, Gregory C. (Autumn 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA298013.pdf#page=83">"The Art of Naming Operations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly</i>. <b>XXV</b> (3). <a href="Carlisle_Barracks" title="Carlisle Barracks">Carlisle Barracks</a>, Carlisle, Pennsylvania: <a href="United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">United States Army War College</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA298013.pdf#page=83">81</a>-98. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-1723">0031-1723</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100607221705/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Parameters/Articles/1995/sieminsk.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590490#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590490#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Code names"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/866208">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4192758-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Code names"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85027645">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Noms de code"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121277192">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Noms de code"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121277192">BnF data</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/f2e987b4-feb7-4488-ae93-2308bdeacaff">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy349" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Personal_names_and_anthroponymy349" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Personal_name" title="Personal name">Personal names</a> and <a href="Anthroponymy" title="Anthroponymy">anthroponymy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal name</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li>

<li><a href="Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a></li>

<li><a href="Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a>

<ul><li><a href="Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">patrilineal</a></li>

<li><a href="Matriname" title="Matriname">matrilineal</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_family_name_affixes" title="List of family name affixes">affixes</a>

<ul><li><a href="Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">nobiliary particle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Given_name" title="Given name">Given name</a>

<li><a href="Middle_name" title="Middle name">Middle name</a></li>

<li><a href="Surname" title="Surname">Surname</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By trait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Diminutive" title="Diminutive">Diminutive</a></li>

<li><a href="Double-barrelled_name" title="Double-barrelled name">Double-barrelled</a></li>

<li><a href="Epithet" title="Epithet">Epithet</a>

<ul><li><a href="Animal_epithet" title="Animal epithet">animal</a></li>

<li><a href="Lists_of_people_by_epithet" title="Lists of people by epithet">common</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_epithet" title="Plant epithet">plant</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Eponym" title="Eponym">Eponymic</a></li>

<li><a href="Matronym" class="mw-redirect" title="Matronym">Matronymic</a></li>

<li><a href="Metonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Metonym">Metonymic</a></li>

<li><a href="Mononym" title="Mononym">Mononymic</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupational_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupational name">Occupational</a></li>

<li><a href="Patronymic" title="Patronymic">Patronymic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Patronymic_surname" title="Patronymic surname">surname</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">Sobriquet</a></li>

<li><a href="Teknonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Teknonym">Teknonymic</a></li>

<li><a href="Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">Toponymic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Toponymic_surname" title="Toponymic surname">surname</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Patrial_name" title="Patrial name">Patrial</a></li>

<li><a href="Unisex_name" title="Unisex name">Unisex</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtue_name" title="Virtue name">Virtue</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By life situation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aptronym" title="Aptronym">Aptronym</a></li>

<li><a href="Birth_name" title="Birth name">Birth name</a></li>

<li><a href="Maiden_and_married_names" title="Maiden and married names">Maiden and married names</a></li>

<li><a href="Necronym" title="Necronym">Necronym</a>

<ul><li><a href="Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></li>

<li><a href="Temple_name" title="Temple name">Temple name</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Placeholder_name" title="Placeholder name">Placeholder name</a>

<ul><li><a href="Notname" title="Notname">Notname</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li>

<li><a href="Slave_name" title="Slave name">Slave name</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pseudonym" title="Pseudonym">Pseudonyms</a> (<a href="List_of_pseudonyms" title="List of pseudonyms">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Nickname" title="Nickname">Nicknames</a>

<li><a href="Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">hypocorism</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_monarchs_by_nickname" title="List of monarchs by nickname">list of monarchs</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Nom_de_guerre" title="Nom de guerre">nom de guerre</a></i></li>

<ul><li><a href="Heteronym_(literature)" title="Heteronym (literature)">heteronym</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Shikona" title="Shikona">shikona</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Stage_name" title="Stage name">Stage name</a>

<li><a href="List_of_one-word_stage_names" title="List of one-word stage names">list of mononyms</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Username" class="mw-redirect" title="Username">Username</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture (<a href="Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">surnames</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese</a>

<li><a href="Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy</a></li>

<li><a href="Generation_name" title="Generation name">generation</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_titles" title="Chinese titles">titles</a></li>

<li><a href="Naming_customs_of_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Naming customs of Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Formosan</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_name" title="Japanese name">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Okinawan_name" title="Okinawan name">Okinawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnamese_name" title="Vietnamese name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Asia<br>and Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kalmyk_name" title="Kalmyk name">Kalmyk</a></li>

<li><a href="Manchu_name" title="Manchu name">Manchu</a></li>

<li><a href="Mongolian_name" title="Mongolian name">Mongolian</a></li>

<li><a href="Sakha_names" title="Sakha names">Sakha</a></li>

<li><a href="Tibetan_name" title="Tibetan name">Tibetan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa<br>and Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Afghan_name" title="Afghan name">Afghan</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabic_name" title="Arabic name">Arabic</a></li>

<li><a href="Azerbaijani_name" title="Azerbaijani name">Azerbaijani</a></li>

<li>Berber</li>

<li><a href="Coptic_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic name">Coptic</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Pashtun_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun name">Pashtun</a></li>

<li><a href="Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian</a></li>

<li><a href="Somali_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Somali name">Somali</a></li>

<li><a href="Tatar_name" title="Tatar name">Tatar</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkish_name" title="Turkish name">Turkish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Australian_Aboriginal_kinship" title="Australian Aboriginal kinship">Australian Aboriginal</a></li>

<li><a href="Fijian_name" title="Fijian name">Fijian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hawaiian_name" title="Hawaiian name">Hawaiian</a></li>

<li><a href="M%C4%81ori_naming_customs" title="Māori naming customs">Māori</a></li>

<li><a href="Ni-Vanuatu_name" title="Ni-Vanuatu name">Vanuatuan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub-Saharan Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Akan_names" title="Akan names">Ashanti</a></li>

<li><a href="Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo_naming_customs" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo naming customs">Congolese</a></li>

<li><a href="Naming_conventions_in_Eritrea_and_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions in Eritrea and Ethiopia">Eritrean and Ethiopian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghanaian_name" title="Ghanaian name">Ghanaian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Yoruba</a></li>

<li><a href="Zimbabwean_names" title="Zimbabwean names">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe,<br>Americas,<br>and Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Latvian_name" title="Latvian name">Latvian</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithuanian_name" title="Lithuanian name">Lithuanian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Celtic_onomastics" title="Celtic onomastics">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cornish_surnames" title="Cornish surnames">Cornish</a></li>

<li><a href="Irish_name" title="Irish name">Irish</a></li>

<li><a href="Scottish_Gaelic_name" title="Scottish Gaelic name">Scottish</a></li>

<li><a href="Welsh_surnames" title="Welsh surnames">Welsh</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dutch_name" title="Dutch name">Dutch</a></li>

<li><a href="English_name" title="English name">English</a>

<ul><li><a href="Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">American</a></li>

<li><a href="African-American_names" title="African-American names">African-American</a></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_name" title="Canadian name">Canadian</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="German_name" title="German name">German</a></li>

<li><a href="Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li>

<li><a href="Icelandic_name" title="Icelandic name">Icelandic</a></li>

<li><a href="Scandinavian_family_name_etymology" title="Scandinavian family name etymology">Scandinavian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Swedish_name" title="Swedish name">Swedish</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Catalan_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalan name">Catalan</a></li>

<li><a href="French_name" title="French name">French</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_name" title="Italian name">Italian</a></li>

<li>Occitan</li>

<li><a href="Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_naming_conventions" title="Roman naming conventions">Roman</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Praenomen" title="Praenomen">praenomen</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nomen_(Roman_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomen (Roman name)">nomen</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Agnomen" title="Agnomen">agnomen</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romanian_name" title="Romanian name">Romanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Naming_customs_of_Hispanic_America" title="Naming customs of Hispanic America">Latin America</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Slavic_names" title="Slavic names">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bulgarian_name" title="Bulgarian name">Bulgarian</a></li>

<li><a href="Croatian_name" title="Croatian name">Croatian</a></li>

<li><a href="Czech_name" title="Czech name">Czech</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Slavic_name" title="East Slavic name">East Slavic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Belarusian_name" title="Belarusian name">Belarusian</a></li>

<li><a href="East_Slavic_name" title="East Slavic name">Russian</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukrainian_name" title="Ukrainian name">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Kashubian</li>

<li><a href="Macedonian_onomastics" title="Macedonian onomastics">Macedonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Polish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish name">Polish</a></li>

<li><a href="Serbian_name" title="Serbian name">Serbian</a></li>

<li><a href="Slovak_name" title="Slovak name">Slovak</a></li>

<li><a href="Slavic_name_suffixes" title="Slavic name suffixes">Suffixes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uralic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Estonian_name" title="Estonian name">Estonian</a></li>

<li><a href="Finnish_name" title="Finnish name">Finnish</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Hungarian</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albanian_name" title="Albanian name">Albanian</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_name" title="Armenian name">Armenian</a></li>

<li><a href="Basque_surnames" title="Basque surnames">Basque</a></li>

<li><a href="Georgian_name" title="Georgian name">Georgian</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ancient_Greek_personal_names" title="Ancient Greek personal names">ancient</a></li>

<li><a href="Greek_Cypriot_name" title="Greek Cypriot name">Cypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South and Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Balinese_name" title="Balinese name">Balinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengali_name" title="Bengali name">Bengali</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhutanese_name" title="Bhutanese name">Bhutanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Burmese_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese name">Burmese</a></li>

<li><a href="Filipino_name" title="Filipino name">Filipino</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesian_names" title="Indonesian names">Indonesian</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chinese_Indonesian_surname" title="Chinese Indonesian surname">Chinese</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Javanese_name" title="Javanese name">Javanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Khmer_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer name">Cambodian</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysian_names" title="Malaysian names">Malaysian</a></li>

<li><a href="Mizo_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizo names">Mizo (Lushai)</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="Pakistani_name" title="Pakistani name">Pakistani</a></li>

<li><a href="Sindhi_names" title="Sindhi names">Sindhi</a></li>

<li><a href="Sinhalese_name" title="Sinhalese name">Sinhalese</a></li>

<li><a href="Naming_conventions_of_ancient_Tamil_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Naming conventions of ancient Tamil country">Tamilian</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Religious_name" title="Religious name">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christian_name" title="Christian name">Christian</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">biblical</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_name" title="Papal name">papal</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint's_name" title="Saint's name">saint</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Buddhist_surname" title="Buddhist surname">Buddhist surname</a></li>

<li><a href="Dharma_name" title="Dharma name">Dharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Jewish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_surname" title="Jewish surname">surname</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Mandaean</a></li>

<li><a href="Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">Theophoric</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manners of address (<a href="List_of_titles" title="List of titles">list</a>)<br><a href="Title_of_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Title of authority">Of authority</a> and <a href="Title_of_honor" title="Title of honor">of honour</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Honorific" title="Honorific">Honorific</a>

<ul><li><a href="Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">diplomatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">imperial, royal, and noble</a></li>

<li><a href="Judiciary_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary styles">judiciary</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">ecclesiastical</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pre-nominal_letters" title="Pre-nominal letters">Pre-nominal letters</a></li>

<li><a href="Suffix_(name)" title="Suffix (name)">Suffix</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">Post-nominal letters</a>

<ul><li><a href="Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic</a></li>

<li><a href="Order_(distinction)" title="Order (distinction)">orders</a>, <a href="Award" title="Award">decorations</a>, and <a href="Medal" title="Medal">medals</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Title" title="Title">Titles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">Academic</a></li>

<li><a href="Imperial%2C_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalric</a></li>

<li><a href="Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">courtesy</a></li>

<li><a href="False_titles_of_nobility" title="False titles of nobility">false</a></li>

<li><a href="Hereditary_title" title="Hereditary title">hereditary</a></li>

<li><a href="Subsidiary_title" title="Subsidiary title">subsidiary</a></li>

<li><a href="Substantive_title" title="Substantive title">substantive</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Military_rank" title="Military rank">Military</a></li>

<li>professional</li>

<li><a href="Academic_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic ranks">Academic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">educational</a></li>

<li><a href="Honorary_title_(academic)" title="Honorary title (academic)">honorary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Corporate_title" title="Corporate title">Corporate</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Diplomatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_titles" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial titles">Judicial</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_religious_titles_and_styles" title="List of religious titles and styles">Religious</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">ecclesiastical</a></li>

<li><a href="Papal_titles" title="Papal titles">papal</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acronym" title="Acronym">Acronym</a></li>

<li><a href="Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Personification" title="Personification">personification</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_personification" title="National personification">national</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Deadnaming" title="Deadnaming">Deadnaming</a></li>

<li><a href="Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">Endonym and exonym</a></li>

<li><a href="Family" title="Family">Family</a></li>

<li><a href="Galton%E2%80%93Watson_process" title="Galton–Watson process">Galton–Watson process</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_name" title="Legal name">Legal name</a>

<ul><li><a href="Name_change" title="Name change">name change</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Namesake" title="Namesake">Namesake</a></li>

<li><a href="Naming_taboo" title="Naming taboo">Naming taboo</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Nomen_nescio" title="Nomen nescio">nomen nescio</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Misnomer" title="Misnomer">Misnomer</a></li>

<li><a href="Onomastics" title="Onomastics">Onomastics</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">Personal identity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Identifier" title="Identifier">identifier</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Proper_noun" title="Proper noun">Proper noun</a></li>

<li><a href="Signature" title="Signature">Signature</a>

<ul><li><a href="Monogram" title="Monogram">monogram</a>

<ul><li><a href="Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">royal cypher</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="Khelrtva" title="Khelrtva">khelrtva</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Signum_manus" title="Signum manus">signum manus</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Tughra" title="Tughra">tughra</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Surnames_by_country" title="Surnames by country">Surnames by country</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-16" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Code_name&oldid=1300726590">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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